Multisensory integration can alter information processing, and previous research has shown that such processes are modulated by sensory switch costs and prior experience. Here we report an incidental finding demonstrating, for the first time, the interplay between these processes and experimental factors, specifically the presence of the experimenter in the testing room. Experiment 1 demonstrates that multisensory motor facilitation in response to audiovisual stimuli is higher in those trials in which the sensory modality switches than when it repeats. Those participants (...) who completed the study while alone exhibited increased RT variability. Experiment 2 replicated these findings using the letters “b” and “d” presented as unisensory stimuli or congruent and incongruent multisensory stimuli. Multisensory enhancements were inflated following a sensory switch; that is, congruent and incongruent multisensory stimuli resulted in significant gains following a sensory switch in the monitored condition. However, when the participants were left alone, multisensory enhancements were only observed for repeating incongruent multisensory stimuli. These incidental findings therefore suggest that the effects of letter congruence and sensory switching on multisensory integration are partly modulated by the presence of an experimenter. (shrink)

Background: Compassion-based practices in midwifery are the most important expression of the depth of care quality. This concept is insufficiently represented in literature, therefore, studies on this subject are of utmost importance. Objectives: This study aims to determine the levels of compassion of midwives working in the delivery room and the factors affecting these levels. The study was carried out in Kocaeli, Turkey. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out from 1 February to 15 April 2019 in delivery rooms of (...) six different hospitals located in the provincial centre of Kocaeli, Turkey, with 78 actively working midwives. Data were collected using a ‘Compassion Scale’ and analysed using the Mann–Whitney U test, the Kruskal–Wallis H test and the Spearman correlation test. Ethical considerations: This study was conducted according to ethical scientific guidelines. Results: The compassion score of the midwives were found to be 4.19 ± 0.39. The total compassion score was affected by professional factors such as number of patients, alternating shift work, number of traumatic births and work satisfaction. While the kindness subscores decreased depending on shift work and number of traumatic births, it was determined that the midwives who were satisfied with their work had higher kindness scores than those who were not. Also, as the age and professional experience of the midwives and the number of traumatic births increased, their indifference score also increased. Midwives who reported that they were not satisfied with their job had higher scores regarding separation and disengagement scores than those who were satisfied with their job. Conclusion: It was determined that the compassion levels of midwives were found to be negatively affected by factors such as age, professional experience, job satisfaction and number of monthly traumatic births in a month. They should be reminded that compassionate midwifery care for women is a basic human right. (shrink)

It is important to define and practice ethical rules and codes for professionalisation. Several national and international associations have determined midwifery ethical codes. In Turkey, ethical rules and codes that would facilitate midwifery becoming professionalised have not yet been determined. This study was planned to contribute to the professionalisation of midwifery by determining national ethical values and codes. A total of 1067 Turkish midwives completed the survey. The most prevalent values of Turkish midwives were care for mother–child health, responsibility and (...) professional adequacy. The preferred professional codes chosen by Turkish midwives were absence of conflicts of interest, respect for privacy, avoidance of deception, reporting of faulty practices, consideration of mothers and newborns as separate beings and prevention of harm. In conclusion, cultural values, beliefs and expectations of society cannot be underestimated, although the international professional values and codes of ethics contribute significantly to professionalisation of the midwifery profession. (shrink)

This study focuses on the spatialization and institutionalization of social networks of Russian women who migrated to Turkey via marriage in the last 30 years. Specifically, it investigates how and why their social networks have been changing at the local and transnational levels. We conducted in-depth interviews with 56 women between 2014−2021. Our extensive analysis indicates that despite their newly established status via marriages, the Russian women have weak ties with the locals regardless of the migration period, preferring mostly to (...) engage with other Russian women in Turkey. Even if the different migrant associations established by Russian migrants in Turkey do not actually aim this, they create an effect that increases the social distance with the host society and serves to strengthen the connection between the migrants. Also, unlike pioneer migrants, newer marriage migrants have established strong transnational ties with others living overseas, regardless of their gender or ethnic identity. Further, this study reveals that the migrant women's subjectivity, their spouses’ benefit-oriented negotiation styles, and the state's diaspora policy all shape the women's social networks at different levels. (shrink)

The University of Michigan conference “Where Religion, Policy, and Bioethics Meet: An Interdisciplinary Conference on Islamic Bioethics and End-of-Life Care” in April 2011 addressed the issue of brain death as the prototype for a discourse that would reflect the emergence of Islamic bioethics as a formal field of study. In considering the issue of brain death, various Muslim legal experts have raised concerns over the lack of certainty in the scientific criteria as applied to the definition and diagnosis of brain (...) death by the medical community. In contrast, the medical community at large has not required absolute certainty in its process, but has sought to eliminate doubt through cumulative diagnostic modalities and supportive scientific evidence. This has recently become a principal model, with increased interest in data analysis and evidence-based medicine with the intent to analyze and ultimately improve outcomes. Islamic law has also long employed a systematic methodology with the goal of eliminating doubt from rulings regarding the question of certainty. While ample criticism of the scientific criteria of brain death (Harvard criteria) by traditional legal sources now exists, an analysis of the legal process in assessing brain death, geared toward informing the clinician’s perspective on the issue, is lacking. In this article, we explore the role of certainty in the diagnostic modalities used to establish diagnoses of brain death in current medical practice. We further examine the Islamic jurisprudential approach vis-à-vis the concept of certainty (yaqīn). Finally, we contrast the two at times divergent philosophies and consider what each perspective may contribute to the global discourse on brain death, understanding that the interdependence that exists between the theological, juridical, ethical, and medical/scientific fields necessitates an open discussion and active collaboration between all parties. We hope that this article serves to continue the discourse that was successfully begun by this initial interdisciplinary endeavor at the University of Michigan. (shrink)

Linking arbitrary shapes to personal labels or reward values results in immediate processing benefits for those stimuli that happen to be associated with the self or high rewards in perceptual matching tasks. Here we further explored how social and reward associations interact with multisensory stimuli by pairing labels and objects with tones. We also investigated whether self and reward biases persist for multisensory stimuli with the label removed after an association had been made. Both high reward stimuli and those associated (...) with the self, resulted in faster responses and improved discriminability, which persisted for multisensory stimuli even when the labels were removed. However, these self- and reward-biases partly depended on the specific alignment between the physical tones and the conceptual order. Performance for reward associations improved when the endpoints of low or high rewards were paired with low or high tones; meanwhile, for personal associations, there was a benefit when the self was paired with either low or high tones, but there was no effect when the stranger was associated with either endpoint. These results indicate that, unlike reward, social personal associations are not represented along a continuum with two marked endpoints but rather with a single reference point. (shrink)

This article describes and discusses the ideas of Patrick Heelan about the nature of visual perception, which he argues as not being intrinsically Euclidian, but rather as being described both in Euclidian and not-Euclidian geometries. Another objective is to place Heelan’s ideas in the context of the attempts to grasp the nature of science from the hermeneutical standpoint, in agreement with the so called analytical philosophy of science, noticing that his philosophical perspective is determined by phenomenology, in particular that inspired (...) by Heidegger. Heelan’s phenomenology and philosophy of science are innovative and original deserving to be described and analysed. It is proposed that the investigation of Heelan’s project opens up new perspectives in both phenomenology and philosophy of science. (shrink)

Through the analysis of the thought of Mach and Duhem, who have felt the need to re-evaluate the relationship between metaphysics and physics, we study in what measure the authors had a position relating to an eventual weakening of the traditional epistemic criteria, which were until their time used for the evaluation of scientific theories, and those criteria should respect the distinction between fact and value. We investigate the way each argues for a division between science and metaphysics, as well (...) as the reasons for this. For both authors, adopting mechanicism as the basis for modern science is in the origin of the emergence of the materialist metaphysics, which should now be abandoned. Every metaphysics built from physical results would be a disrespect to the distinction between fact and value. Duhem and Mach argue for a new role for the common sense, which should not be taken as the source of error anymore. (shrink)

Evidence from a growing number of studies suggests leader character as a means to advance leadership knowledge and practice. Based on this evidence, we propose a process model depicting how leader character manifests in ethical leadership that has positive psychological and performance outcomes for leaders, along with the moderating effect of leaders’ self-control on the character strength–ethical leadership–outcomes relationships. We tested this model using multisource data from 218 U.S. Air Force officers and their subordinates and superiors. Findings provide initial support (...) for leader character as a mechanism triggering positive outcomes such that only when officers reported a high level of self-control did their honesty/humility, empathy, and moral courage manifest in ethical leadership, associated with higher levels of psychological flourishing and in-role performance. We discuss the implications of these results for future theory development, research, and practice. (shrink)

Parmi les découvertes notables du site d’Hagios Vassileios, à l’Ouest de la cité antique de Thasos, figure la base d’un ambon appartenant à la plus septentrionale des deux basiliques protobyzantines mises au jour. Dans un état précédent, le bloc était mis en oeuvre dans un monument funéraire inscrit : cinq noms, trois d’hommes et deux de femmes, étaient gravés sur sa face antérieure. Ces noms apparaissent dans d’autres inscriptions thasiennes d’époque impériale : tous appartiennent à une famille importante, où les (...) noms d’Hérodès fils de Samos et de Samos fils d’Hérodès paraissent avoir alterné d’une génération à l’autre. La confrontation de ces textes permet une reconstitution du stemma de la famille, ainsi que l’étude de son insertion dans les sphères supérieures de la société thasienne. (shrink)

Once widely spread in the Dinaric Mountains part of the Balkan Peninsula, swearing to virginity was a social and cultural custom recorded among all groups inhabiting the area. In the absence of a capable adult man in the household, a daughter would take over his social role by ‘becoming’ a man. The standard explanation is that the function of this practice is enabling the continuation of the household’s economic, social, and religious activities. We argue that this explanation fails. A (...) better explanation is that, because the lack of a particular kind of a man (competent and honourable) was perceived as a shame in these societies, the primary reason for swearing to virginity was saving family honour. (shrink)

Seul Jésus dans les Evangiles parle du Fils de l'homme, et si d'autres prononcent ce nom, c'est toujours en s'adressant à lui. Des disciples, des auditeurs, peuvent reprendre sa façon de parler, ils ne font jamais parler que lui, et jamais d'un autre que de lui. Les quatre-vingt textes évangéliques sur le Fils de l'homme ne suffisent pas à caractériser son personnage ni à définir son action. Mais ils expriment souvent de façon très libre ses réactions les plus personnelles. A (...) ce titre, ils sont incomparables. Ils couvrent d'ailleurs assez largement les terrains abordés par les Evangiles. Si les annonces eschatologiques occupent facilement la première place, la présence du Fils de l'homme donne à ces perspectives toute leur ampleur. Même quand Jésus demeure silencieux ou discret, la présence du Fils de l'homme donne au récit et aux événements une portée nouvelle.L'évangile de Jean n'attache pas moins d'importance que les synoptiques au Fils de l'homme. Et s'il transforme l'image en profondeur, il ne la quitte pas. Il n'oublie ni l'ampleur de l'horizon, vaste comme la création de Dieu ni la personnalité du Fils de l'homme. Même s'il concentre le regard sur quelques textes seulement, il développe une vision tout à fait originale et parfaitement cohérente. Il donne ainsi aux perspectives synoptiques, et sans doute au langage original de Jésus, toute leur plénitude.In the Gospels only Jesus speaks of the Son of Man, and if others pronounce that name, it is always to address him. The disciples and listeners can take up his way of speaking ; they only want to hear about him, and no one else but him. The eighty Gospel texts concerning the Son of Man are not enough to characterize his person nor to define his action. But they often express in a very free way his most personal reactions. In this way they are incomparable. They cover fairly completely, in fact, the ground dealt with by the Gospels. If eschatological declarations easily occupy the first place, the presence of the Son of Man g ives all its fullness to these perspectives. Even when Jesus remains silent or discrete, the presence of the Son of Man gives to the story and events a new dimension.The Gospel of John does not give less importance than the Synoptics to the Son of Man. And it transforms the image of a greater depth, it does not leave it. It forgets neither the breadth of the horizon, vast as the creation of God, nor the personality of the Son of Man. Even if John concentrates only on several texts, he develops a vision completely original and perfectly coherent. Thus he gives to the Synoptic perspectives, and without doubt to the original language of Jesus, all their fullness. (shrink)

Dans mon exposé je traite de la parenté imaginaire comme elle apparaît chez la persona de l�empereur byzantin. Il s�agit d�une parenté en palindrome, puisque, d�une part, l�empereur, au moment de son couronnement, devient Fils de Dieu par la grâce divine et, d�autre part, au même moment et de la même manière, il devient Père de son peuple. Le système impérial byzantin est donc calqué sur la relation «familiale» des trois personnes de la Trinité divine : le Père, le Fils (...) et le Saint Esprit. Le fils imite son père. Les qualités paternelles existent chez le souverain terrestre : la justice, la piété, la prudence, l�absence de passions et surtout la philanthropie. Et ce sont ces qualités qui font du souverain un modèle pour ses sujets. L�empereur est absolument digne d�être imité par son peuple. C�est ainsi qu�à Byzance le modèle politique le plus ancien, celui de la parenté, survit au sein du nouveau modèle des hiérarchisations. (shrink)

El artículo se ocupa de cómo interpreta Agustín el texto de Fil 1, 29 en "De praedestinatione sanctorum". Se estudia también la exégesis agustiniana de este texto en algunos sermones predicados en las fiestas de los mártires, a quienes de una manera particular se les ha concedido, como un don, no sólo creer en Cristo, sino también padecer por él.

Dans l’Allemagne du xix e siècle, l’édition intégrale du Corpus aristotelicum de l’Académie des sciences de Berlin constitue la condition ayant rendu historiquement possible le « retours à Aristote », dont l’une des figures majeures est sans doute A. F. Trendelenburg. Suivant comme fil conducteur les rapports grammaticaux inhérents aux différentes parties de la proposition, Trendelenburg, le premier, s’engage à démontrer l’ordre sous-jacent au nombre des catégories, laissé pourtant indéterminé par Aristote. Le but est, pour l’essentiel, de découvrir le point (...) de contact originaire entre la pensée, le langage et l’être, en opposition frontale aux résultats de l’idéalisme allemand. C’est donc le lien entre logique et métaphysique qui est au centre de l’exégèse philosophique que Trendelenburg livre aux pages de l’ Aristoteles Kategorienlehre en 1846, sur laquelle nous portons notre attention afin de rétablir les lignes directrices d’un projet dont l’originalité a souvent été confinée aux hypothèses prétendument improductives d’une grammaire spéculative ou délaissée en faveur d’autres épigones du lignage aristotélicien – de Brentano à Heidegger. (shrink)

Cultural pluralism in the Balkans has often been considered as the source of conflict in the region. Against this perspective it is suggested that Enlightenment political thought in southeastern Europe, as represented by the radical republicanism of Rhigas Velestinlis , incorporated the idea of cultural pluralism in a project for a unitary democratic state, modelled on the 'Republic of Virtue', that was expected to replace despotism and to transform its subjects into free citizens. The political culture of this state would (...) be provided by the principles of republican Hellenism while its ethnic pluralism would be located in its civil society. It is stressed that republican Hellenism was a political and moral, not an ethnic, project. This political project however, was preempted by the emergence of cultural nationalism that cancelled the Enlightenment vision of democratic citizenship, equality and recognition for individuals as well as ethnic groups in a unitary republic. (shrink)

Platon, dans les Lois, renonce au vocabulaire des « parties de l’âme » et souligne l’unité de l’activité psychique humaine: nous sommes mus de l’extérieur, comme une marionnette par des fils (I, 644c-645a). Comment comprendre la mollesse de l’or et la dureté du fer dont il est alors question? Y a-t-il nécessairement conflit entre ces différentes impulsions?

La vie d’Antoine-Jean Solier, protestant rouergat établi à Marseille comme négociant à la fin du xviiie siècle, a été scandée par l’écriture. Au fil de ses textes autobiographiques se révèle le for privé d’un homme pourtant peu enclin aux confidences. Le fils, le frère, le mari et le père s’expriment sous sa plume au gré des circonstances, esquissant le portrait complexe d’un être à la charnière de deux époques et de deux sensibilités. Porteur d’une tradition familiale construite sur de fortes (...) solidarités, tant professionnelles que confessionnelles, Antoine-Jean appartient aussi à cette génération des Lumières ouverte sur l’individu, dont la relation au divin se détend au profit d’une sensibilité plus humaniste. Ses écrits témoignent ainsi de toute l’ambiguïté de la relation à l’autre, selon le statut, le genre ou la place de chacun au sein de sa famille. (shrink)

Et si certaines entités vivantes n'étaient pas matérielles? Potentiellement éternelles, en lutte pour la survie, elles évoluent. Elles constituent ce qui unit les êtres à travers le temps. Elles sont le fil de la vie. Ces entités vivantes immatérielles sont des informations. Elles existent à travers nous, dans nos gènes, dans notre culture, dans nos écosystèmes. La vie produit l'information, lit l'information et se définit par l'information qu'elle porte. Ce livre nous aide à comprendre le monde vivant d'une manière toute (...) nouvelle! Il est le résultat de discussions passionnées entre trois chercheurs qui, chacun à sa manière, étaient parvenus au même questionnement à propos de la nature. Ils nous proposent une nouvelle description du vivant, où la lutte pour l'existence n'est pas celle des êtres, mais des messages qui passent à travers eux et dont ils sont les hôtes éphémères. (shrink)

Hegel qualifiait la pièce Antigone de Sophocle de tragédie la plus parfaite. Peut-on, encore aujourd’hui, malgré les critiques ultérieures, soutenir cette idée et la fonder? Si la perfection de cette tragédie tient dans le tissage de conflits que Sophocle construit, nous devrons d’abord effiler chaque conflit, pour ensuite affilier chaque position à ce qui la fonde, et suivre enfin le déroulé tragique du fil d’Antigone.

Η προετοιμασία του δεύτερου τόμου του Corpus des inscriptions grecques d'Illyrie méridionale et d'Épire, αφιερωμένου στο Βουθρωτό της νότιας Αλβανίας, οδήγησε τους συγγραφείς να αναζητήσουν, ανάμεσα σε χιλιάδες ονόματα ελεύθερων ανδρών (αρχόντων, ιερέων, ιδιοκτητών δούλων, μαρτύρων) που αναφέρονται σε επιγραφές αυτής της πόλης, το όνομα Άπποίτας 'Αντιγόνου. Το όνομα αυτό φέρει ο θεαροδόχος των Δελφών στο Βουθρωτό, στο σύντομο δελφικό κατάλογο που χρονολογείται γύρω στα μέσα του 2ου αι. π.Χ. Από τις 24 επιγραφές που αναφέρουν κάποιον Άπποίτα και λαμβάνοντας υπόψην (...) τις μαρτυρίες χωρίς πατρώνυμο ή εθνικό, είναι δυνατόν να ταυτιστούν τρία διαφορετικά άτομα, που προσδιορίζονται με τα εθνικά Έρμίατος, Όπάτας και Κύ8εστος. Μόνον οι δύο τελευταίοι είναι με βεβαιότητα γιοι του Αντίγονου. Ο δεύτερος, ο Κύδεστος, φαίνεται να ταυτίζεται καλύτερα με την ιδιότητα του θεαροδόχου, μετά το 150, εξαιτίας του ρόλου που έπαιξε η οικογένεια του στο νέο κράτος των Πρασαιβών. (shrink)

Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The (...) author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations. (shrink)